Revisiting The War Texts in The Hebrew Bible

Contributions from Exodus 14:13-14, 15:3

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33550/sd.v8i2.244

Keywords:

war; Exodus; Hebrew Bible

Abstract

This article carefully discusses the war texts in the Hebrew Bible used to legitimize war in solid form. This concern is discussed specifically regarding the texts that narrate war in the Hebrew Bible (Ex 14: 13-14, 15: 3), which are used for war purposes and in the name of God. The use of scriptural texts and God’s involvement in war shifts the war paradigm from common war to holy war. This article focuses on the discourse of war in the Hebrew Bible and tries to draw several conclusions that can help the reader understand the polemic of the relationship between the Hebrew Bible and war. This article closes with a statement that the war texts in the Hebrew Bible has the capacity to deconstruct the paradigm of war as well as to encourage readers to put forward liberation and freedom.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

  • Tony Wiyaret Fangidae, Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat Theologi Jakarta

    The author is an assistant lecturer in the field of Old Testament at the Jakarta Theological Seminary. The author completed his Bachelor (2017) and master (2020) at Jakarta Theological Seminary with an interest in Old Testament Theology, which specifically struggled with texts that connote violence in the Old Testament. A number of articles related to this topic have been published by various journals.

References

Allenby, Brader. “Emerging Technologies and Just War Theory.” Dalam Routledge Handbook of Ethics and War: Just War Theory in the Twenty-First Century, diedit oleh Fritz Allhoff, Nicholas G. Evans, and Adam Henschke, 289–300. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2013.

Al Qurtuby, Sumanto. Religious Violence and Conciliation in Indonesia: Christians and Muslims in the Moluccas. London, New York: Routledge, 2016. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315659183.

Aran, Gideon, and Ron E. Hasner. “Religious Violence in Judaism: Past and Present.” Terrorism and Political Violence 25, no. 3 (Juli 2013): 355–405. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2012.667738.

Bachman, Jeffrey S. “Four Schools of Thought on the Relationship Between War and Genocide.” Journal of Genocide Research 22, no. 4 (Oktober 2020): 479–501. https:/doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2020.1756558.

Barrett, Lois. The Way God Fights: War and Peace in the Old Testament. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1987.

Bishop, Adam. ‘As It Is Said in Scripture and in Law’: The Bible in the Crusader Legal System. Dalam The Uses of the Bible in Crusader Sources, diedit oleh Elizabeth Lapina and Nicholas Edward Morton. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004341210_020.

Brueggemann, Walter. Theology of the Old Testament: Testimony, Dispute, Advocacy. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1997.

Chukwuedo, Mercy Uwaezuoke, and Anenechukwu Chidinyerem Ede. “An Examination of Selected Old Testament Practices and Its Relevance to the Modern Church.” Journal of African Studies and Sustainable Development 2, no. 2 (2019): 1–13.

Cole, Darrell. When God Says War Is Right: The Christian’s Perspective on When and How to Fight. Edisi pertama. Colorado Springs: Waterbrook Press, 2002.

Craigie, Peter C. The Problem of War in the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1978.

Creach, Jerome F. D. “Violence in the Old Testament.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion (2016): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.154.

Duncan, Christopher R. Violence and Vengeance: Religious Conflict and Its Aftermath in Eastern Indonesia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013.

Dwiastuti, Ilmi. “The Roots of Israel-Palestine Conflict: A Political Culture Analysis.” AEGIS: Journal of International Relations 4, no. 2 (2020): 19–33. https://doi.org/10.33021/aegis.v4i2.796.

Eichrodt, Walther. Theology of the Old Testament. London: Baker Academic, 1969.

Fangidae, Tony Wiyaret. “Disruptive Grace: An Analysis of Violent Texts in the Old Testament.” American Journal of Biblical Theology 3, no. 3 (2020): 36–56. http://www.biblicaltheology.com/Research/FanggidaeTW01.pdf.

Fauzi, Ihsan Ali. “Ambiguitas Agama Sebagai Peluang Dalam Menciptakan Perdamaian Agama.” Religió: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama 5, no. 2 (September 2015). https://doi.org/10.15642/religio.v5i2.575.

Hannase, Mulawarman. “The Dilemma Between Religious Doctrine and Political Pragmatism: Study of Hamas in Palestine.” Religió: Jurnal Studi Agama-agama 10, no. 1 (April 2020): 54–70. https://doi.org/10.15642/religio.v10i1.1308.

Hendel, Ronald. “The Exodus as Cultural Memory: Egyptian Bondage and the Song of the Sea.” Dalam Israel’s Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective, diedit oleh Thomas E. Levy, Thomas Schneider, and William H.C. Propp, 65–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-04768-3_5.

Intan, Benyamin Fleming. “Kekristenan dan Violence: Just War dan Tradisi Kristen.” Societas Dei: Jurnal Agama dan Masyarakat 1, no. 1 (October 2017): 35. https://doi.org/10.33550/sd.v1i1.47.

Juergensmeyer, Mark. “Does Religion Cause Terrorism?” Dalam The Cambridge Companion to Religion and Terrorism, diedit oleh James R. Lewis, 11–22. Edisi pertama. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316492536.002.

――――. Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence. London: University of California Press, 2000.

Kaiser, Walter C. Toward Old Testament Ethics. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1973.

Kang, Sa-Moon. Divine War in the Old Testament and in the Ancient Near East. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1989.

Karman, Yonky. “Perang Dalam Perjanjian Lama: Problem Reinterpretasi.” Forum Biblika: Jurnal Ilmiah Populer 15 (2002): 1–13.

Kimball, Charles A. When Religion Becomes Evil. New York: HarperCollins, 2008.

Kurnia Y, Yuangga. “Fenomena Kekerasan Bermotif Agama di Indonesia.” KALIMAH: Jurnal Studi Agama dan Pemikiran Islam 15, no. 2 (September 2017): 205. https://doi.org/10.21111/klm.v15i2.1494.

Lilly, Ingrid. “War and Violence in the Old Testament.” Dalam A Faith Not Worth Fighting For: Addressing Commonly Asked Questions about Christian Nonviolence, diedit oleh Tripp York and Justin Bronson Barringer. Eugene, OR: Cascade Books, 2012.

Lind, Millard. Yahweh Is a Warrior: The Theology of Warfare in Ancient Israel. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1980.

Longman, Tremper, and Daniel G. Reid. God Is a Warrior. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1995.

Mamahit, Ferry. “Teori Perang Yang Adil: Sebuah Penjelasan Dan Argumentasi Kristen.” Veritas: Jurnal Teologi dan Pelayanan 15, no. 2 (2014): 271–290. https://doi.org/10.36421/veritas.v15i2.294.

Miller, Patrick D. The Divine Warrior in Early Israel. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2006.

Niditch, Susan. War in the Hebrew Bible: A Study in the Ethics of Violence. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.

Prianto, Robi. “Tradisi Perang Suci Dalam Perjanjian Lama.” TE DEUM: Jurnal Teologi dan Pengembangan Pelayanan 5, no. 1 (April 2021): 117–135. https://doi.org/10.51828/td.v5i1.115.

Purwanto, Edi. “Peran Ekonomi, Politik, Dan Sosial Dalam Kekerasan Atas Nama Agama.” DUNAMIS: Jurnal Teologi dan Pendidikan Kristiani 4, no. 1 (2019): 111–126. https://doi.org/10.30648/dun.v4i1.204.

Quine, Cat. “Military Coups in Ancient Israel and Their Implications for Conceptions of YHWH’s Divine Army.” Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament 34, no. 1 (Januari 2020): 30–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/09018328.2020.1801916.

von Rad, Gerhard. Holy War in Ancient Israel. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing, 1951.

Seibert, Eric A. “Recent Research on Divine Violence in the Old Testament (with Special Attention to Christian Theological Perspectives).” Currents in Biblical Research 15, no. 1 (Oktober 2016): 8–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476993X15600588.

――――. The Violence of Scripture: Overcoming the Old Testament’s Troubling Legacy. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2012.

Setiawidi, Agustinus, and Tony Wiyaret Fangidae. “Pedoman Teori Pedagogis untuk Membaca Teks-Teks Kekerasan di Dalam Perjanjian Lama.” DUNAMIS: Jurnal Teologi dan Pendidikan Kristiani 5, no. 2 (April 2021): 278–295. https://doi.org/10.30648/dun.v5i2.355.

Setio, Robert. “Teks Peperang Dalam Konteks Perang: Pandangan Awal Untuk Pembaca Fungsional.” Forum Biblika: Journal Ilmiah Populer 16 (2004): 45–62.

Simanjuntak, Fredy. “Menelusuri Sejarah Perjalanan Nomaden Bangsa Israel.” Real Didache: Jurnal Teologi dan Pendidikan Agama Kristen 4, no. 2 (2019): 1–24.

Svensson, Isak, and Desirée Nilsson. “Disputes over the Divine: Introducing the Religion and Armed Conflict (RELAC) Data, 1975 to 2015.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 62, no. 5 (Mei 2018): 1127–1148. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002717737057.

Tonelli, Debora. “From Divine Violence to Religious Violence: A Socio-Political Interpretation of Exodus 15.” Dalam Christianity and Violence in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period, diedit oleh Fernanda Alfieri and Takashi Jinno, 19–34. Berlin, Boston: de Gruyter, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110643978-002.

Trimm, Charles. “Recent Research on Warfare in the Old Testament.” Currents in Biblical Research 10, no. 2 (Februari 2012): 171–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476993X11405906.

Weyde, Karl William. “Is God a Violent God?: Conceptions of God in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament.” Teologisk Tidsskrift 6, no. 04 (Desember 2017): 280–300. https://doi.org/10.18261/issn.1893-0271-2017-04-02.

Wright, Jacob L. War, Memory, and National Identity in the Hebrew Bible. Cambridge, New York Cambridge University Press, 2020.

Published

2021-11-08

How to Cite

Revisiting The War Texts in The Hebrew Bible : Contributions from Exodus 14:13-14, 15:3. (2021). Societas Dei: Jurnal Agama Dan Masyarakat, 8(2), 141-157. https://doi.org/10.33550/sd.v8i2.244

Similar Articles

1-10 of 25

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.